On psychosocial group dynamics during multilateral conference negotiations: experiences from COP28

The Conference of the Parties (COP) is the single most important multilateral forum when it comes to solving the global climate crisis. Whilst there has been intensive study into the outcomes, policies and institutional aspects, little attention has been paid to the group dynamics that occur during the intensive, annual two-week decision-making process. By using a group dynamic lens, field observations from COP28 were used to differentiate not only the different social settings in which negotiators come together, but also how these affect their ability to communicate effectively and to take decisions. Results show that whilst the negotiation process is highly structured and bureaucratic, key moments of COPs—in particular the informal parts—are often unfacilitated spaces, which make meaningful, relational and quality communication difficult. Alongside further recommendations for research, the paper concludes that strengthening the group dynamics competencies of negotiators, and especially chairing staff, should be paramount in the effort to increase trust and quality of communication during these large scale multilateral negotiations.